-- card: 6452 from stack: in.STK
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-- name: 


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-- part name: Ex. Permit
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-- part contents for card part 1
----- text -----
Permits and Procedures

Before entry into a confined space can be allowed it is necessary to ensure a safe environment for
work.  This is done by requiring that a confined space entry procedure be followed.  In most cases in industry a Vessel Entry or Confined Space Permit
will also be required before entry is allowed.

For safe confined space entry the following items should be checked out in advance.

1. All flanges, connections, or fittings which
   deliver raw material or product to/from a vessel 
   need to be blanked or physically disconnected. 
   Utility piping delivering nitrogen  or steam
   must be disconnected.  

2. A manyway or means of entry and exit needs to 
   be opened.  Safe egress via ladder, etc, must be
   evaluated prior to entry.

3. A test should be made of the air within the
   vessel to determine  %LEL of flammable
   vapors if the vessel previously contained a
   flammable or toxic organic material.  In some
   cases a Draeger tube test may be required to
   monitor for extremely toxic materials with TLV's
   in the part if %LEL is  greater than 10%. A zero
   %LEL is desirable. It may be necessary to 
   provide exhaust ventilation in  order to bring 
   the %LEL  to zero. If the atmosphere cannot be
   controlled proper respiratory equipment
   (i.e. SCBA) and protective clothing can be worn.

4. A test should be made for %Oxygen using a 
   calibrated and functioning oxygen analyzer (i.e.
   Ecotox is one brand available).  Entry should
   not be made if the atmosphere contains <19.5% 
   oxygen or >22% oxygen.
  
5. An approved lifeline and harness should be worn
   during entry operations.

6. A standby lifeline assistant should watch over
   the operation and have either radio or telephone
   contact in the event of an emergency. 

7. Electrical equipment such as pumps, agitator 
   motors, hydraulic rams, etc. must be locked out
   in accordance with an approved lockout procedure.
   (This is could be another tutorial in itself.)

8. Emergency/standby breathing apparatus must be
   available.

9. For entry into railcars/tank trucks.  Safety
   devices and procedures such as installation of
   wheel chocks, derails, and posting a "Men at 
   Work" blue flag is required.

10. In excavations or pits deeper than four feet
    shoring of sides should be used to prevent cave
    in or collapse.


A management procedure should be inplace requiring that a PERMIT be signed and authorized by a trained
and knowledgable individual.  The formal procedure 
would require the completion of a CONFINED SPACE
PERMIT prior to every confined space entry to ensure that all hazards of each indiviual case have
been evaluated.  Blanket authorization of confined
space entry should "NEVER" be allowed to occur as even from shift to shift situations and conditions
change.  Permits should be reauthorized at shift changes or upon reentry if a significant time period has elapsed.

The Button <Ex. Permits> contains a model permit
which can be studied for confined space entry.